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Install Single System Arch Linux Using Command Line

#Arch#Linux28
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This post is translated from Chinese into English through AI.View Original
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To install Arch Linux, ensure your computer supports UEFI, has secure boot disabled, and you have basic Linux knowledge. Backup your data as the installation will erase all information on the hard drive. ### Preparation 1. Download an Arch Linux ISO and write it to a USB drive. 2. Boot from the USB and select the first option in the GRUB menu. ### Network Connection If using WLAN, connect using `iwctl` commands to scan and connect to your network. Test the connection with `ping 1.1.1.1`. ### Change Mirrors Stop the Reflector service and remove the existing mirrorlist. Use `vim` to add a new mirror server. ### Partitioning Identify your disk with `fdisk -l`, then use `cfdisk` to delete existing partitions and create new ones. Create an EFI partition and a system partition, then format them using `mkfs`. ### Mount Partitions Mount the system partition and create subvolumes for the root and home directories. Unmount and remount them with specific options. ### Install Base System Update the keyring and install essential packages with `pacstrap`. Generate the fstab file and check for subvolume IDs. ### Configuration Copy the mirrorlist to the new system, change the hostname, and edit the hosts file. Add language support for English and Chinese, noting that terminal support for Chinese characters may be limited.

Check#

  1. Your computer supports UEFI boot.
  2. Your computer has disabled secure boot.
  3. You have a basic understanding of Linux.
  4. A good mindset 😉

If you encounter problems during the installation process, try using a search engine to look up the issue or consult the Arch Wiki, and it's best not to ask others.

All information on your hard drive will be erased, so please back up in advance. You will be responsible for any data loss.

Preparation#

  1. An Arch Linux image.
  2. Use a disk writing tool to write the image file to your USB.

Once ready, please boot your Arch Linux ISO from the USB. After entering the Grub boot interface, please select the first option.

Networking#

This step is only necessary for devices that need to connect to the network via WLAN. If you are already connected via an Ethernet cable, please skip this step.

We can use the iwctl command to connect to the network.

iwctl
device list # View your wireless network card name
station wlan0 scan # Scan for networks, usually the wireless card is wlan0
station wlan0 get-networks # List Wi-Fi networks
station wlan0 connect your_network_name # Connect to the network
exit # Exit

Then, you need to test if you are connected to the network.

ping 1.1.1.1

PING 1.1.1.1 (1.1.1.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 1.1.1.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=54 time=185 ms
64 bytes from 1.1.1.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=54 time=184 ms
64 bytes from 1.1.1.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=54 time=185 ms

If you see continuous output similar to the above, you can press Ctrl+C to end.

Change Mirror#

Before this, please disable Reflector, as Reflector may update your mirrorlist file.

systemctl stop reflector.service

Delete the mirrorlist file.

sudo rm -rf /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist

Then you can change it. You need to enter the following content to open it with the vim editor.

vim /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist

Please add the following content:

Server = https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/archlinux/$repo/os/$arch

After finishing, press ESC and enter :wq to save and exit.

Partitioning#

Before partitioning, you need to check the number of your disk.

fdisk -l 

Disk /dev/nvme0n1: 476.94 GiB, 512110190592 bytes, 1000215216 sectors
Disk model: KBG50ZNV512G KIOXIA
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: 0B70F9F0-7C38-4F81-9EAB-754397E6079D

Device           Start        End   Sectors   Size Type
/dev/nvme0n1p1    2048    2099199   2097152     1G EFI System
/dev/nvme0n1p2 2099200 1000214527 998115328 475.9G Linux filesystem

You will see one or more disks like Disk /dev/*. Please check the partition or disk size to identify the disk you want to install on. For example, my computer has only one disk: /dev/nvme0n1. Once you have identified it, remember your disk number, and then enter:

cfdisk /dev/your_disk

You will see an interface

                                    Disk: /dev/nvme0n1
                 Size: 476.94 GiB, 512110190592 bytes, 1000215216 sectors
               Label: gpt, identifier: 0B70F9F0-7C38-4F81-9EAB-754397E6079D

    Device                 Start           End      Sectors       Size Type
>>  /dev/nvme0n1p1          2048       2099199      2097152         1G EFI System
    /dev/nvme0n1p2       2099200    1000214527    998115328     475.9G Linux filesystem




 ┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
 │  Partition UUID: D3F1CADC-8559-44B4-A98F-3DCBD07C7B0B                                 │
 │  Partition type: EFI System (C12A7328-F81F-11D2-BA4B-00A0C93EC93B)                    │
 │  Filesystem UUID: 59A1-A47E                                                           │
 │  Filesystem LABEL: EFI                                                                │
 │  Filesystem: vfat                                                                     │
 │  Mountpoint: /boot (mounted)                                                          │
 └────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
    [ Delete ]  [ Resize ]  [  Quit  ]  [  Type  ]  [  Help  ]  [  Write ]  [  Dump  ]
  1. You need to delete all partitions. Select the partition and choose the first DELETE option until only Free Space remains in your device list.
  2. You need to select Free Space, then choose Create, change the partition size to 1G, then select Type, find the first option, EFI, and select it. This partition will later be referred to as the EFI partition. Remember it is /dev/***.
  3. Continue to place the cursor on Free Space, press Enter directly, then select Write, and after entering y, your disk will be partitioned. This partition will later be referred to as the system partition. Remember it is /dev/***.

Create Filesystem#

What you need to do is (create the filesystem for the EFI partition,) create the filesystem for the system partition, then create some subvolumes, and finally mount them. You can follow the commands below.

# Create filesystem for EFI partition
mkfs.fat -F32 /dev/(EFI_partition)

# Create filesystem for system partition
mkfs.btrfs -L ArchLinux /dev/(system_partition)

# Mount the partition
mount /dev/(system_partition) /mnt

# Create subvolumes
btrfs subvolume create /mnt/@
btrfs subvolume create /mnt/@home

# Unmount
umount /mnt

# Mount
mount -t btrfs -o subvol=/@,compress=zstd /dev/sdxn /mnt
mount -t btrfs -o subvol=/@home,compress=zstd /dev/sdxn /mnt/home --mkdir
mount /dev/(EFI_partition) /mnt/boot --mkdir

Install Basic System#

Use the following commands to update the Keyring and install basic packages to your partition. The speed of this step depends on your internet speed and may take about 5 minutes.

pacman -Sy archlinux-keyring
pacstrap /mnt base base-devel linux linux-firmware btrfs-progs networkmanager vim nano sudo iwd net-tools

After completion, enter the following command to write your current mount location into the fstab of your system.

genfstab -U /mnt > /mnt/etc/fstab

You also need to enter the following command to check if there are subvolume IDs in your fstab.

grep "subvolid" /mnt/etc/fstab

If there is output after executing this step, please immediately use an editor to delete characters like subvolid=xxx. Remember to also delete the comma that follows.

vim /mnt/etc/fstab

After finishing, press ESC and enter :wq to save and exit.

Configuration#

Change Mirror for New System#

mkdir -p /mnt/etc/pacman.d
cp -r /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist /mnt/etc/pacman.d

Switch to System#

arch-chroot /mnt

Hostname#

Enter the following command to set your computer's name (do not use symbols other than "-"). For example, my computer is called Silver:

echo "Silver" > /etc/hostname

Hosts#

Open /etc/hosts:

vim /etc/hosts

Please use the editor to add the following content:

127.0.0.1   localhost
::1         localhost
127.0.1.1   archlinux.localdomain archlinux

After finishing, press ESC and enter :wq to save and exit.

Language Support#

Execute the following commands to add support for Chinese and English, and set the default language to English:

If you want to ask why not set Chinese, the answer is that your terminal does not support Chinese characters, even if you directly install a desktop environment, it won't work because you haven't installed Chinese fonts.

echo 'zh_CN.GBK GBK'  > /etc/locale.gen
echo 'zh_CN.UTF-8 UTF-8'  > /etc/locale.gen
echo 'en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8'  > /etc/locale.gen
locale-gen
echo 'LANG=en_US.UTF-8'  > /etc/locale.conf

Root Password#

When you execute the command below, it will prompt you to set the root password. The characters you enter will not be displayed.

passwd root

Install Plasma Desktop (Optional)#

This will also install Chinese fonts.

pacman -S adobe-source-han-sans-cn-fonts plasma konsole dolphin xorg ark neofetch sddm

Enable Network Manager on Boot#

systemctl enable sddm
systemctl enable NetworkManager

Add User#

useradd -m -G wheel -s /bin/bash your_username
passwd your_username

You also need to have sudo privileges:

vim /etc/sudoers
# ↓ Find this line and remove the `#`, if there are spaces after it, remove the spaces after `#`.
# %wheel ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL

After finishing, press ESC and enter :wq to save and exit.

Install Microcode#

pacman -S intel-ucode
# or
pacman -S amd-ucode

Configure Bootloader#

  1. Use the following command to install the software:
pacman -S grub efibootmgr os-prober
  1. Use the following command to install the bootloader:
grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=/boot --bootloader-id=ARCH
  1. Allow discovery of other systems:
vim /etc/default/grub

After opening, remove the # in front of the last line, then press ESC and enter :wq to save and exit.

  1. Generate the configuration file:
grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg

Set to Chinese#

If you installed the Plasma desktop and SDDM earlier, you can now switch the system to Chinese.

rm -rf /etc/locale.conf
echo "zh_CN.UTF-8" >> /etc/locale.conf

Final Step#

You need to exit Chroot and reboot.

exit
reboot

All Done#

Congratulations, you have successfully installed Arch Linux.

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